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Very Large Array

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative names</th><td class="infobox-data">VLA </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location(s)</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="Socorro_County%2C_New_Mexico" title="Socorro County, New Mexico">Socorro County</a>, <a href="New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">

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</style><a class="external text" href="geo:34.0787492,-107.6177275">34°04′43″N 107°37′04″W / 34.0787492°N 107.6177275°W / 34.0787492; -107.6177275</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Altitude</th><td class="infobox-data">2,124 m (6,969 ft) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Wavelength" title="Wavelength">Wavelength</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.6 cm (50 GHz)–410 cm (73 MHz)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Built</th><td class="infobox-data">1973–1981 </td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nrao.edu/facilities/vla/">science.nrao.edu/facilities/vla/</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1291884410">

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</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.41%;left:29.272%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"><div style="line-height:1.2em;">Location of the Very Large Array</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">  <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Very_Large_Array" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Very Large Array">Related media on Commons</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"></td></tr></tbody></table>

The Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) is a centimeter-wavelength <a href="Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">radio astronomy</a> observatory in the southwestern United States built in the 1970s. It lies in central <a href="New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> on the <a href="Plains_of_San_Agustin" title="Plains of San Agustin">Plains of San Agustin</a>, between the towns of <a href="Magdalena%2C_New_Mexico" title="Magdalena, New Mexico">Magdalena</a> and <a href="Datil%2C_New_Mexico" title="Datil, New Mexico">Datil</a>, approximately 50 miles (80 km) west of <a href="Socorro%2C_New_Mexico" title="Socorro, New Mexico">Socorro</a>. The VLA comprises twenty-eight 25-meter radio telescopes (twenty-seven of which are operational while one is always rotating through maintenance) deployed in a Y-shaped array and all the equipment, instrumentation, and computing power to function as an <a href="Astronomical_interferometer" title="Astronomical interferometer">interferometer</a>. Each of the massive telescopes is mounted on double parallel railroad tracks, so the radius and density of the array can be transformed to adjust the balance between its angular resolution and its surface brightness sensitivity.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Astronomers using the VLA have made key observations of <a href="Black_hole" title="Black hole">black holes</a> and <a href="Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">protoplanetary disks</a> around <a href="Stellar_age_estimation" title="Stellar age estimation">young stars</a>, discovered magnetic filaments and traced complex gas motions at the <a href="Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>'s center, probed the Universe's cosmological parameters, and provided new knowledge about the physical mechanisms that produce <a href="Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio emission</a>.

The VLA stands at an elevation of 6,970 feet (2,120 m) above sea level. It is a component of the <a href="National_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory" title="National Radio Astronomy Observatory">National Radio Astronomy Observatory</a> (NRAO).<a href="#cite_note-visit-3">[3]</a> The NRAO is a facility of the <a href="National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> operated under cooperative agreement by <a href="Associated_Universities%2C_Inc." title="Associated Universities, Inc.">Associated Universities, Inc</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div>

The <a href="Radio_telescope" title="Radio telescope">radio telescope</a> comprises 27 independent antennas in use at a given time plus one spare, each of which has a dish diameter of 25 meters (82 feet) and weighs 209 <a href="Tonne" title="Tonne">metric tons</a> (230 <a href="Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>).<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The antennas are distributed along the three arms of a track, shaped in a wye (or Y) -configuration, (each of which measures 21 kilometres (13 mi) long). Using the rail tracks that follow each of these arms—and that, at one point, intersect with <a href="U.S._Route_60_in_New_Mexico" title="U.S. Route 60 in New Mexico">U.S. Route 60</a> at a level crossing—and a specially designed lifting locomotive ("Hein's Trein"),<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> the antennas can be physically relocated to a number of prepared positions, allowing <a href="Aperture_synthesis" title="Aperture synthesis">aperture synthesis</a> <a href="Interferometry" title="Interferometry">interferometry</a> with up to 351 independent baselines: in essence, the array acts as a single antenna with a variable diameter. The <a href="Angular_resolution" title="Angular resolution">angular resolution</a> that can be reached is between 0.2 and 0.04 <a href="Arcseconds" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcseconds">arcseconds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-specs-6">[6]</a>

There are four commonly used configurations, designated A (the largest) through D (the tightest, when all the dishes are within 600 metres (2,000 ft) of the center point). The observatory normally cycles through all the various possible configurations (including several hybrids) every 16 months; the antennas are moved every three to four months. Moves to smaller configurations are done in two stages, first shortening the east and west arms and later shortening the north arm. This allows for a short period of improved imaging of extremely northerly or southerly sources.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

The frequency coverage is 74 MHz to 50 GHz (400 cm to 0.7 cm).<a href="#cite_note-overview-9">[9]</a>

The Pete V. Domenici Science <a href="Array_Operations_Center" title="Array Operations Center">Operations Center</a> (DSOC) for the VLA is located on the campus of the <a href="New_Mexico_Institute_of_Mining_and_Technology" title="New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology">New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology</a> in <a href="Socorro%2C_New_Mexico" title="Socorro, New Mexico">Socorro, New Mexico</a>. The DSOC also serves as the control center for the <a href="Very_Long_Baseline_Array" title="Very Long Baseline Array">Very Long Baseline Array</a> (VLBA), a <a href="Very_Long_Baseline_Interferometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Long Baseline Interferometry">VLBI</a> array of ten 25-meter dishes located from <a href="Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> in the west to the <a href="U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a> in the east that constitutes the world's largest dedicated, full-time astronomical instrument.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Upgrade_and_renaming">Upgrade and renaming</h2></div>

In 2011, a decade-long upgrade project resulted in the VLA expanding its technical capacities by factors of up to 8,000. The 1970s-era electronics were replaced with state-of-the-art equipment. To reflect this increased capacity, VLA officials asked for input from both the scientific community and the public in coming up with a new name for the array, and in January 2012 it was announced that the array would be renamed the "<a href="Karl_Guthe_Jansky" title="Karl Guthe Jansky">Karl G. Jansky</a> Very Large Array".<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> On March 31, 2012, the VLA was officially renamed in a ceremony inside the Antenna Assembly Building.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ngVLA_upgrade">ngVLA upgrade</h3></div>

Upgrade to the Next Generation Very Large Array (ngVLA) will begin in late 2028 and early science operation will begin in mid 2031.<a href="#cite_note-:3-15">[15]</a> This upgrade will replace the old antennae with more than 260 new antennae.<a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a> These will be 18 meter in diameter and have three configurations:<a href="#cite_note-:1-17">[17]</a>

<ul><li>Short baseline array (SBA) is a dense core within about 1 km that includes 19 close-packed antennae with 6 meter diameter. It might be combined with four 18 meter antennae. Located in <a href="New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[18]</a></li>

<li>Main Interferometric Array: 214 x 18 meter antennae, reaching a baseline of about 1000 km. The antennae will be arranged in a dense core and <a href="Spiral" title="Spiral">spiral</a> arms. Located in New Mexico, west <a href="Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, eastern <a href="Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, and northern <a href="Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[18]</a></li>

<li>Long Baseline Array (LBA): An additional 30 antennae with 18 meter diameter of continental scale. Originally stations in <a href="Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, <a href="West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, <a href="New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, the <a href="United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">US Virgin Islands</a>, and <a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:1-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[18]</a> but now also includes a station in <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a></li></ul>

The ngVLA will be ten times more sensitive than the old VLA and ten times more sensitive than ALMA. It will operate at 1.2–116 GHz.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> A prototype antenna was produced by the German company mtex antenna technology.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The prototype was installed at February 6, 2025.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>

A project led by the <a href="University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="University of Würzburg">University of Würzburg</a> will build the Wetterstein Millimeter Telescope (WMT)<a href="#cite_note-mtex-at/wetterstein-22">[22]</a> on top of the <a href="Zugspitze" title="Zugspitze">Zugspitze</a>, near the <a href="Schneefernerhaus" title="Schneefernerhaus">Schneefernerhaus</a>. The new <a href="Radio_telescope" title="Radio telescope">radio telescope</a> will be part of the next generation Very Large Array (ngVLA), as the German contribution to the ngVLA. The WMT will also be able to do observations on its own.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_science">Key science</h2></div>

The VLA is a multi-purpose instrument designed to allow investigations of many astronomical objects, including <a href="Radio_galaxy" title="Radio galaxy">radio galaxies</a>, <a href="Quasar" title="Quasar">quasars</a>, <a href="Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsars</a>, <a href="Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> remnants, <a href="Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">gamma-ray bursts</a>, radio-emitting <a href="Star" title="Star">stars</a>, the <a href="Sun" title="Sun">sun</a> and <a href="Planet" title="Planet">planets</a>, <a href="Astrophysical_maser" title="Astrophysical maser">astrophysical masers</a>, <a href="Black_hole" title="Black hole">black holes</a>, and the <a href="Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> gas that constitutes a large portion of the <a href="Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> galaxy as well as external galaxies. In 1989 the VLA was used to receive <a href="Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> communications from the <a href="Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a> spacecraft as it flew by <a href="Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-25">[25]</a> A search of the galaxies M31 and M32 was conducted in December 2014 through January 2015 with the intent of quickly searching trillions of systems for extremely powerful signals from advanced civilizations.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>

It has been used to carry out several large surveys of radio sources, including the <a href="NRAO_VLA_Sky_Survey" title="NRAO VLA Sky Survey">NRAO VLA Sky Survey</a> and <a href="Faint_Images_of_the_Radio_Sky_at_Twenty-Centimeters" title="Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-Centimeters">Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-Centimeters</a>.

In September 2017 the VLA Sky Survey (VLASS) began.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy-27">[27]</a> This survey will cover the entire sky visible to the VLA (80% of the Earth's sky) in three full scans.<a href="#cite_note-Barbuzano-28">[28]</a> Astronomers expect to find about 10 million new objects with the survey — four times more than what is presently known.<a href="#cite_note-Barbuzano-28">[28]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

The driving force for the development of the VLA was <a href="David_S._Heeschen" title="David S. Heeschen">David S. Heeschen</a>. He is noted as having "sustained and guided the development of the best radio astronomy observatory in the world for sixteen years."<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <a href="United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congressional</a> approval for the VLA project was given in August 1972, and construction began some six months later. The first antenna was put into place in September 1975 and the complex was formally inaugurated in 1980, after a total investment of US$78,500,000 (equivalent to $300,000,000 in 2024).<a href="#cite_note-overview-9">[9]</a> It was the largest configuration of radio telescopes in the world.

In 1997 the VLA featured in <a href="Contact_(1997_American_film)" title="Contact (1997 American film)">Contact</a>, the film adaptation of the 1985 <a href="Contact_(novel)" title="Contact (novel)">book by the same name</a> written by <a href="Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>

With a view to upgrading the venerable 1970s technology with which the VLA was built, the VLA has evolved into the Expanded Very Large Array (EVLA). The upgrade has enhanced the instrument's sensitivity, <a href="Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> range, and resolution with the installation of new hardware at the San Agustin site. A second phase of this upgrade may add up to eight additional antennae in other parts of the state of <a href="New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, up to 190 miles (300 km) away, if funded.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>

<a href="Magdalena_Ridge_Observatory" title="Magdalena Ridge Observatory">Magdalena Ridge Observatory</a> is a new observatory a few miles south of the VLA, and is run by VLA collaborator <a href="New_Mexico_Tech" class="mw-redirect" title="New Mexico Tech">New Mexico Tech</a>. Under construction at this site is a ten-element optical <a href="Interferometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferometer">interferometer</a>.

In June 2023, the <a href="National_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory" title="National Radio Astronomy Observatory">National Radio Astronomy Observatory</a> announced that they will be replacing the ageing antennae with 160 new ones at the site, plus 100 auxiliary antennae located across North America. The project, estimated to cost about $2 billion to build and around $90 million to run, will vastly expand the capabilities of the current installation and increase the frequency sensitivity from 50 GHz to over 100 GHz. The facility will be renamed the "Next Generation Very Large Array".<a href="#cite_note-NGVLA-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-NGVLA2-35">[35]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2></div>

The VLA is located between the towns of <a href="Magdalena%2C_New_Mexico" title="Magdalena, New Mexico">Magdalena</a> and <a href="Datil%2C_New_Mexico" title="Datil, New Mexico">Datil</a>, about 50 miles (80 km) west of <a href="Socorro%2C_New_Mexico" title="Socorro, New Mexico">Socorro, New Mexico</a>. <a href="U.S._Route_60_in_New_Mexico" title="U.S. Route 60 in New Mexico">U.S. Route 60</a> passes east–west through the complex.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>

The VLA site is open to visitors with paid admission.<a href="#cite_note-visit-3">[3]</a> A visitor center houses a small museum, theater, and a gift shop. A self-guided walking tour is available, as the visitor center is not staffed continuously. Visitors unfamiliar with the area are warned that there is little food on site, or in the sparsely populated surroundings; those unfamiliar with the high desert are warned that the weather is quite variable, and can remain cold into April.<a href="#cite_note-visit-3">[3]</a> For those who cannot travel to the site, the NRAO created a virtual tour of the VLA called the VLA Explorer.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>

The VLA site was previously closed to visitors from March 2020 through October 2022.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>

<div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:792px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"></div><div class="thumbcaption">The cross rail track structure of the VLA, including an empty antenna mount station on the right (the three concrete piers that the antenna's triangular base mounts to)</div></div></div>

<ul><li><a href="Allen_Telescope_Array" title="Allen Telescope Array">Allen Telescope Array</a> (ATA)</li>

<li><a href="Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array" title="Atacama Large Millimeter Array">Atacama Large Millimeter Array</a> (ALMA)</li>

<li><a href="Green_Bank_Telescope" title="Green Bank Telescope">Green Bank Telescope</a> (GBT)</li>

<li><a href="Lake_San_Agust%C3%ADn" title="Lake San Agustín">Lake San Agustín</a>, which once stood where the VLA is now</li>

<li><a href="List_of_radio_telescopes" title="List of radio telescopes">List of radio telescopes</a></li>

<li><a href="Square_Kilometre_Array" title="Square Kilometre Array">Square Kilometre Array</a> (SKA)</li>

<li><a href="Very-long-baseline_interferometry" title="Very-long-baseline interferometry">Very-long-baseline interferometry</a> (VLBI)</li>

<li><a href="Very_Small_Array" title="Very Small Array">Very Small Array</a> (VSA)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Very_Large_Array" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Very Large Array">Very Large Array</a>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vla.nrao.edu/">Official website</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrao.edu/explorer/vla/">VLA Explorer</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nrao.edu/facilities/vla">The Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array</a> page at <a href="NRAO" class="mw-redirect" title="NRAO">NRAO</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap060514.html">NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: The Very Large Array of Radio Telescopes (14 May 2006)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.nrao.edu/ngvla/">The Next Generation Very Large Array</a> (ngVLA)</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Radio_astronomy459" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">Radio astronomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Units (<a href="Watt" title="Watt">watt</a> and <a href="Jansky" title="Jansky">jansky</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Radio_telescope" title="Radio telescope">Radio telescope</a> (<a href="Radio_window" title="Radio window">Radio window</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Astronomical_interferometer" title="Astronomical interferometer">Astronomical interferometer</a> (<a href="Astronomical_interferometer#History" title="Astronomical interferometer">History</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Very-long-baseline_interferometry" title="Very-long-baseline interferometry">Very Long Baseline Interferometry</a> (VLBI)</li>

<li><a href="Astronomical_radio_source" title="Astronomical radio source">Astronomical radio source</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;">Radio telescopes (<a href="List_of_radio_telescopes" title="List of radio telescopes">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Individual telescopes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Five-hundred-meter_Aperture_Spherical_Telescope" title="Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope">500 meter Aperture Spherical Telescope</a> (FAST, China)</li>

<li><a href="Arecibo_Telescope" title="Arecibo Telescope">Arecibo Telescope</a> (Puerto Rico, US)</li>

<li><a href="Caltech_Submillimeter_Observatory" title="Caltech Submillimeter Observatory">Caltech Submillimeter Observatory</a> (CSO, US)</li>

<li><a href="Effelsberg_100-m_Radio_Telescope" title="Effelsberg 100-m Radio Telescope">Effelsberg Telescope</a> (Germany)</li>

<li><a href="Galenki_RT-70_radio_telescope" title="Galenki RT-70 radio telescope">Galenki RT-70</a> (Russia)</li>

<li><a href="Green_Bank_Telescope" title="Green Bank Telescope">Green Bank Telescope</a> (West Virginia, US)</li>

<li><a href="Large_Millimeter_Telescope" title="Large Millimeter Telescope">Large Millimeter Telescope</a> (Mexico)</li>

<li><a href="Lovell_Telescope" title="Lovell Telescope">Lovell Telescope</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="Ooty_Radio_Telescope" title="Ooty Radio Telescope">Ooty Telescope</a> (India)</li>

<li><a href="Qitai_Radio_Telescope" title="Qitai Radio Telescope">Qitai Radio Telescope</a> (China)</li>

<li><a href="RATAN-600" title="RATAN-600">RATAN-600 Radio Telescope</a> (Russia)</li>

<li><a href="Sardinia_Radio_Telescope" title="Sardinia Radio Telescope">Sardinia Radio Telescope</a> (Italy)</li>

<li><a href="Suffa_RT-70_radio_telescope" title="Suffa RT-70 radio telescope">Suffa RT-70</a> (Uzbekistan)</li>

<li><a href="Usuda_Deep_Space_Center" title="Usuda Deep Space Center">Usuda Telescope</a> (Japan)</li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_T-shaped_Radio_telescope%2C_second_modification" title="Ukrainian T-shaped Radio telescope, second modification">UTR-2 decameter radio telescope</a> (Ukraine)</li>

<li><a href="Yevpatoria_RT-70_radio_telescope" title="Yevpatoria RT-70 radio telescope">Yevpatoria RT-70</a> (Ukraine)</li></ul>

<dl><dt>Southern Hemisphere</dt>

<dd><a href="Hartebeesthoek_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory" title="Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory">HartRAO</a> (South Africa)</dd>

<dd><a href="Parkes_Observatory" title="Parkes Observatory">Parkes Observatory</a> (Australia)</dd>

<dd><a href="Warkworth_Radio_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory">Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory</a> (NZ)</dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Interferometers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Allen_Telescope_Array" title="Allen Telescope Array">Allen Telescope Array</a> (ATA, California, US)</li>

<li><a href="Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array" title="Atacama Large Millimeter Array">Atacama Large Millimeter Array</a> (ALMA, Chile)</li>

<li><a href="Australia_Telescope_Compact_Array" title="Australia Telescope Compact Array">Australia Telescope Compact Array</a> (ATCA, Australia)</li>

<li><a href="Australian_Square_Kilometre_Array_Pathfinder" title="Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder">Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder</a> (ASKAP, Australia)</li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Hydrogen_Intensity_Mapping_Experiment" title="Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment">Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment</a> (CHIME, Canada)</li>

<li><a href="Combined_Array_for_Research_in_Millimeter-wave_Astronomy" title="Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy">Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy</a> (CARMA, California, US)</li>

<li><a href="European_VLBI_Network" title="European VLBI Network">European VLBI Network</a> (Europe)</li>

<li><a href="Event_Horizon_Telescope" title="Event Horizon Telescope">Event Horizon Telescope</a> (EHT)</li>

<li><a href="Giant_Metrewave_Radio_Telescope" title="Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope">Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope</a> (GMRT, India)</li>

<li><a href="Green_Bank_Interferometer" title="Green Bank Interferometer">Green Bank Interferometer</a> (GBI, West Virginia, US)</li>

<li><a href="Korean_VLBI_Network" title="Korean VLBI Network">Korean VLBI Network</a> (KVN, South Korea)</li>

<li><a href="Large_Latin_American_Millimeter_Array" title="Large Latin American Millimeter Array">Large Latin American Millimeter Array</a> (LLAMA, Argentina/Brazil)</li>

<li><a href="Long_Wavelength_Array" title="Long Wavelength Array">Long Wavelength Array</a> (LWA, New Mexico, US)</li>

<li><a href="Low-Frequency_Array_(LOFAR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR)">Low-Frequency Array</a> (LOFAR, Netherlands)</li>

<li><a href="MeerKAT" title="MeerKAT">MeerKAT</a> (South Africa)</li>

<li><a href="Molonglo_Observatory_Synthesis_Telescope" title="Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope">Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope</a> (MOST, Australia)</li>

<li><a href="MERLIN" title="MERLIN">Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network</a> (MERLIN, UK)</li>

<li><a href="Murchison_Widefield_Array" title="Murchison Widefield Array">Murchison Widefield Array</a> (MWA, Australia)</li>

<li><a href="Northern_Cross_Radio_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cross Radio Telescope">Northern Cross Radio Telescope</a> (Italy)</li>

<li><a href="Northern_Extended_Millimeter_Array" title="Northern Extended Millimeter Array">Northern Extended Millimeter Array</a> (France)</li>

<li><a href="One-Mile_Telescope" title="One-Mile Telescope">One-Mile Telescope</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="Primeval_Structure_Telescope" title="Primeval Structure Telescope">Primeval Structure Telescope</a> (PaST, China)</li>

<li><a href="Square_Kilometre_Array" title="Square Kilometre Array">Square Kilometre Array</a> (SKA, Australia, South Africa)</li>

<li><a href="Submillimeter_Array" title="Submillimeter Array">Submillimeter Array</a> (SMA, US)</li>

<li> (VLA, New Mexico, US)</li>

<li><a href="Very_Long_Baseline_Array" title="Very Long Baseline Array">Very Long Baseline Array</a> (VLBA, US)</li>

<li><a href="Westerbork_Synthesis_Radio_Telescope" title="Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope">Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope</a> (WSRT, Netherlands)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Space-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="HALCA" title="HALCA">HALCA</a> (Japan)</li>

<li><a href="Spektr-R" title="Spektr-R">Spektr-R</a> (Russia)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;">Observatories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algonquin_Radio_Observatory" title="Algonquin Radio Observatory">Algonquin Radio Observatory</a> (Canada)</li>

<li><a href="Arecibo_Observatory" title="Arecibo Observatory">Arecibo Observatory</a> (Puerto Rico, US)</li>

<li><a href="Green_Bank_Observatory" title="Green Bank Observatory">Green Bank Observatory</a> (US)</li>

<li><a href="Haystack_Observatory" title="Haystack Observatory">Haystack Observatory</a> (US)</li>

<li><a href="Jodrell_Bank_Observatory" title="Jodrell Bank Observatory">Jodrell Bank Observatory</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="Mullard_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory" title="Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory">Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory</a> (UK)</li>

<li><a href="National_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory" title="National Radio Astronomy Observatory">National Radio Astronomy Observatory</a> (US)</li>

<li><a href="Nan%C3%A7ay_Radio_Observatory" title="Nançay Radio Observatory">Nançay Radio Observatory</a> (France)</li>

<li><a href="Onsala_Space_Observatory" title="Onsala Space Observatory">Onsala Space Observatory</a> (Sweden)</li>

<li><a href="Pushchino_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory" title="Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory">Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory</a> (PRAO ASC LPI, Russia)</li>

<li><a href="Special_Astrophysical_Observatory_of_the_Russian_Academy_of_Science" title="Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science">Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science</a> (SAORAS, Russia)</li>

<li><a href="Vermilion_River_Observatory" title="Vermilion River Observatory">Vermilion River Observatory</a> (US)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;">Multi-use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dominion_Radio_Astrophysical_Observatory" title="Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory">DRAO</a> (Canada)</li>

<li><a href="New_Norcia_Station" title="New Norcia Station">ESA New Norcia</a> (Australia)</li>

<li><a href="Prince_Albert_Radar_Laboratory" title="Prince Albert Radar Laboratory">PARL</a> (Canada)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Elizabeth_Alexander_(scientist)" title="Elizabeth Alexander (scientist)">Elizabeth Alexander</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Gatenby_Bolton" title="John Gatenby Bolton">John G. Bolton</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_George_Bowen" title="Edward George Bowen">Edward George Bowen</a></li>

<li><a href="Ronald_N._Bracewell" title="Ronald N. Bracewell">Ronald Bracewell</a></li>

<li><a href="Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell" title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell">Jocelyn Bell Burnell</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Covington" title="Arthur Covington">Arthur Covington</a></li>

<li><a href="Nan_Dieter-Conklin" title="Nan Dieter-Conklin">Nan Dieter-Conklin</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake">Frank Drake</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyril_Hazard" title="Cyril Hazard">Cyril Hazard</a></li>

<li><a href="Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Antony Hewish</a></li>

<li><a href="Sebastian_von_Hoerner" title="Sebastian von Hoerner">Sebastian von Hoerner</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Guthe_Jansky" title="Karl Guthe Jansky">Karl Guthe Jansky</a></li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_Kellermann" title="Kenneth Kellermann">Kenneth Kellermann</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_John_Kerr" title="Frank John Kerr">Frank J. Kerr</a></li>

<li><a href="John_D._Kraus" title="John D. Kraus">John D. Kraus</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernard_Lovell" title="Bernard Lovell">Bernard Lovell</a></li>

<li><a href="Christiaan_Alexander_Muller" title="Christiaan Alexander Muller">Christiaan Alexander Muller</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_L._Pawsey" title="Joseph L. Pawsey">Joseph Lade Pawsey</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruby_Payne-Scott" title="Ruby Payne-Scott">Ruby Payne-Scott</a></li>

<li><a href="Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Arno Penzias</a></li>

<li><a href="Grote_Reber" title="Grote Reber">Grote Reber</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Martin Ryle</a></li>

<li><a href="Govind_Swarup" title="Govind Swarup">Govind Swarup</a></li>

<li><a href="Gart_Westerhout" title="Gart Westerhout">Gart Westerhout</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Robert Wilson</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;">Astronomy by EM methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Submillimetre_astronomy" title="Submillimetre astronomy">Submillimetre astronomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrared_astronomy" title="Infrared astronomy">Infrared astronomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Visible-light_astronomy" title="Visible-light astronomy">Optical astronomy</a></li>

<li><a href="High-energy_astronomy" title="High-energy astronomy">High-energy astronomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Gravitational-wave_astronomy" title="Gravitational-wave astronomy">Gravitational-wave astronomy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aperture_synthesis" title="Aperture synthesis">Aperture synthesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">Cosmic microwave background radiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Interferometry" title="Interferometry">Interferometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Odd_radio_circle" title="Odd radio circle">Odd radio circle</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulsar_timing_array" title="Pulsar timing array">Pulsar timing array</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">Radio propagation</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Wow!_signal" title="Wow! signal">Wow! signal</a></li>

<li><a href="HD_164595" title="HD 164595">HD 164595 signal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Solar_radio_emission" title="Solar radio emission">Solar radio emission</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Radio_astronomy" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Radio astronomy">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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